{"id":4906,"date":"2025-09-25T11:12:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T11:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lp.szlogic.cn\/knowledge-center\/how-to-measure-the-spacing-of-optical-channels-in-systems\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T10:13:05","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T10:13:05","slug":"how-to-measure-the-spacing-of-optical-channels-in-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/ar\/knowledge-center\/how-to-measure-the-spacing-of-optical-channels-in-systems","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1312\" height=\"736\" src=\"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/665c99baa8b446b7866f7a9cff17ed68.webp\" alt=\"How to Identify and Measure Channel Spacing in Optical Systems\" class=\"wp-image-4903\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/665c99baa8b446b7866f7a9cff17ed68.webp 1312w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/665c99baa8b446b7866f7a9cff17ed68-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/665c99baa8b446b7866f7a9cff17ed68-1024x574.webp 1024w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/665c99baa8b446b7866f7a9cff17ed68-768x431.webp 768w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/665c99baa8b446b7866f7a9cff17ed68-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1312px) 100vw, 1312px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/ar\/glossary\/what-is-dwdm-explaining-dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing\/\"><strong>\u0662. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 (DWDM)<\/strong><\/a> \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u2014 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/ar\/glossary\/crosstalk-definition-causes-types-effects\/\"><strong>\u0662\u0662. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 (crosstalk)<\/strong><\/a>, \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\ud83d\udcdd \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p><strong>\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a (OSA)<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0643\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0645.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p>\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0650 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 (OSA)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\ud83d\udcdd \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a). \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 DWDM \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 <strong>100 \u063a\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632 (\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 0.8 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/strong> \u0662.\u200f \u0623\u0648 <strong>50 \u063a\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632 (\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 0.4 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 C. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 25 \u063a\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0641.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1312\" height=\"736\" src=\"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/aa32402fb09149cabde2bfb1cccd0097.webp\" alt=\"Fiber Channel Spacing\" class=\"wp-image-4904\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/aa32402fb09149cabde2bfb1cccd0097.webp 1312w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/aa32402fb09149cabde2bfb1cccd0097-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/aa32402fb09149cabde2bfb1cccd0097-1024x574.webp 1024w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/aa32402fb09149cabde2bfb1cccd0097-768x431.webp 768w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/aa32402fb09149cabde2bfb1cccd0097-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1312px) 100vw, 1312px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\ud83d\udcdd \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a <strong>\u0661\u0662. \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a (OSA)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<colgroup><col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/><col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/><col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/p><\/th><th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p><\/th><th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629<\/p><\/th><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>\u0661\u0662. \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a (OSA)<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a.<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/ar\/glossary\/snr-signal-to-noise-ratio-and-its-impact-on-signal-quality\/\"><strong>\u0662. \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 (SNR)<\/strong><\/a>, \u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><strong>\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 DWDM \/ \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>\u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a (OSA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629:<\/strong> \u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 DWDM \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 OSA. \u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 OSA \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 OSA \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a:<\/strong> \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 OSA \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 C \u0645\u0646 1530 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1565 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631). \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d. \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 DWDM \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 OSA \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632) \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0629.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px 0px 8px;\"><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629:<\/strong> \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 OSA \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a (\u03bb):<\/strong> \u0627\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u03bb\u2082 \u2013 \u03bb\u2081).<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f (f):<\/strong> \u0627\u0637\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b: f\u2081 \u2013 f\u2082). \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631:<\/strong> \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b: 0.8 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 100 \u063a\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0643 (\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 ITU-T). \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\ud83d\udcdd \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0650\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"719\" src=\"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b8ab50daec0b4f14a21652b6b3f1b241.jpg\" alt=\"optical transceiver\" class=\"wp-image-4905\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b8ab50daec0b4f14a21652b6b3f1b241.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b8ab50daec0b4f14a21652b6b3f1b241-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b8ab50daec0b4f14a21652b6b3f1b241-1024x614.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b8ab50daec0b4f14a21652b6b3f1b241-768x460.jpg 768w, https:\/\/resources.l-p.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b8ab50daec0b4f14a21652b6b3f1b241-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 DWDM \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0648\u0647\u0648 <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-25432-optics-transceivers-sfp-modules.htm\"><strong>\u0667. \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646<\/strong><\/a>. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0650\u0644 \u0631\u062f\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 <strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 SFP+ DWDM \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/strong>, \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 DWDM:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0634 (Chirp):<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p style=\"margin: 0px;\"><strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (OSNR):<\/strong> \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/buy-dwdm.htm\"><strong>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 DWDM SFP+<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642<\/strong> \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 LINK-PP \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 <strong>\u0667.\u200f \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 LINK-PP<\/strong> \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.link-pp.com\/\"><strong>\u0664\u0660. LINK-PP<\/strong><\/a> \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 ITU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c <strong>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 LINK-PP 10G DWDM SFP+ LC 40 \u0643\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644: <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.l-p.com\/store-27047-10g-cwdm-dwdm-sfp.htm?ca=1591,1595&amp;cv=8847,8873\"><strong>\u0661. \u0644\u0648-\u062f\u0648xx\u0661\u0660-\u0664\u0660\u0622\u064a<\/strong><\/a><strong>)<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f demanding. \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u2018xx\u2019 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 ITU-T \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u201c39\u201d CH39 \u0644\u0640 1546.12 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\ud83d\udcdd \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\ud83d\udcdd \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 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